Sanjiv Verma Sir was not just an educator?he was a mentor, a guide, and a source of inspiration to thousands of Civil Services aspirants across the country. An alumnus of the esteemed Delhi School of Economics, he dedicated himself to teaching at some of the most reputed Civil Services coaching institutes in Delhi, Hyderabad, Bengaluru, and beyond. This book was born out of his classroom sessions?crafted with clarity, structured with purpose, and driven by his deep commitment to making economics accessible and relevant for Civil Services Examination aspirants. His ability to distill complex economic concepts into simple, digestible ideas earned him respect and admiration across the student community. Although his untimely and tragic passing left a deep void, his legacy continues to live on through this book. It stands not only as a testament to his knowledge but also to his passion for teaching and his belief in every aspirant?s potential. Today, this book has been comprehensively revised and updated by Pavneet Singh, a respected educator and mentor at Tmentors UPSC?an online platform delivering high-quality, affordable courses for the UPSC-CSE. Known for his clarity and command over complex subjects, Pavneet Sir has consciously preserved the original pedagogical spirit envisioned by Sanjiv Verma Sir. At the same time, the book has been thoughtfully realigned to meet the evolving demands of the examination. It now includes updated content reflecting current economic trends, recent government initiatives, and changing exam patterns?making it as relevant for today?s aspirants as it was when it was first written. This edition is both a heartfelt tribute to Sanjiv Verma Sir?s enduring legacy and a reliable companion for aspirants navigating the dynamic landscape of the Civil Services Examination.