In this edition, a little restructuring of the contents has been made. Firstly, a new chapter on "Body Fluid Compartments" has been added. Secondly, topics in a particular chapter are mentioned in the beginning as presumed ?learning objectives?. A few relatively difficult but important topics have been discussed in more detail and fully rewritten for better conceptual understanding. These include the chapters on ?cardiac and vascular function curves? and ?acid base balance?. Besides this, as always, useful new tables and diagrams have been provided to improve comprehension. Some more summary of important topics (condensed contents) have been incorporated with the objective of lessening the workload of students. New information, here and there, has been added throughout the text. Efforts have been made to add useful information to the Practical Manual in order to make it more effective and comprehensive. ? A complete coverage of competency-based MBBS curriculum prescribed by MCI and NMC. ? Updated information on both newer and pre-existing topics with improvement on previous edition. ? Addition of new boxes containing useful concepts and topics of interest. ? New flowcharts and tables and about 1000 multiple choice questions (MCQs) with informative explanations, to supplement the text. ? Some important topics fully rewritten and discussed at length. ? Addition of new relevant information in the Practical Manual.