Generation of decent livelihood opportunities ought to be among the most important objectives on any meaningful agenda of economic development. On this front, however, the Indian experience has remained seriously inadequate. During the first four decades after Independence, India’s achievements with respect to the problems of poverty, unemployment and occupational structural transformation were modest at best. Since the early 1990s, during the era of neo-liberal reforms, while economic growth has remained upbeat, the wellbeing of the masses has shown even greater stress. An indispensable entry point to the subject of labour in India, this Short Introduction locates the debate within the trajectory of economic development since India’s independence.